What are Anabolic Steroids? :: essays research papers

What are Anabolic Steroids? Anabolic steroids - or all the more unequivocally, anabolic/androgenic steroids - have a place with a gathering known as ergogenic, or alleged "performance-enhancing," drugs. They are engineered subsidiaries of testosterone, a characteristic male hormone. "Anabolic" implies developing or building. "Androgenic" implies "masculinizing or producing male sexual qualities. Most solid guys produce somewhere in the range of 2 and 10 milligrams of testosterone every day. http://www2.msstate.edu/~jnd2/index.html Purposes behind Steroid Use The most widely recognized reasons individuals utilize anabolic steroids are to: increment bulk increment quality train more diligently decrease the recuperation time required in the wake of preparing A few people accept the advantage from taking steroids is physiological, they make individuals feel that they are more grounded or quicker. Others accept that they cause individuals to feel that they are progressively forceful thus they can prepare more diligently. Steroid Usage Among Teenagers Steroid use has regularly been generalized to football players, weightlifters and muscle heads. New examination recommends this is a long way from valid. Rather, most overwhelming steroid clients are working class white guys, 35% of which don't mean on taking an interest in games. 26% of secondary young steroid clients refered to individual appearance as their essential thought process in utilizing the medication. These new patterns in steroid use have been ascribed to the "new male image" that is being sprinkled all through ads and magazines. High school guys build up a want for the lean, mean and strong look exemplified by Calvin Klien models and others. The snappiest method to progress is through anabolic steroids. Huge numbers of these young people will hazard probability of the reactions related with steroid use in return for regard. In spite of gigantic weight and muscle increases, numerous steroid clients are never entirely content with their physical make-up. This condition is being marked as "reverse anorexia" by analysts and specialists. "I have seen a child increase 100 pounds in 14 months and still not be satisfied," reports Neil Carolan of BryLin Hospital in Buffalo. Carolan has guided more than 200 high school steroid clients. Arnold Schwarzenegger, when a steroid client himself, addresses the issue of adolescent steroid use. "Teenagers ought to never take anabolic steroids in an endeavor to develop the size and quality of their muscle structure. During the high school years, youthful guys are now in their most anabolic state, with testosterone flooding the framework. Including manufactured anabolic now is absolutely unnecessary." history Greek Olympians utilized strychnine and stimulating mushrooms to "psyche up" for an occasion. In 1886 a French cyclist was the principal competitor to pass on from utilizing a presentation improve, called speedballs, a blend of cocaine and heroin. In the 1920's, doctors embedded cuts of monkey balls into male competitors to help

Greek Mythology to Rational Pre-Socratic Philosophy

Greek Mythology to Rational Pre-Socratic Philosophy This is implied as a general prologue to Pre-Socratic way of thinking. In particular, you should perceive how Pre-Socratic way of thinking developed as another approach to clarify the world anddiffered significantly from what preceded. There are different Greek legends to clarify the sources of the universe and of man. Three ages of eternal animals competed for power. The first were representations of such things as Earth and Sky, whose mating created land, mountains, and oceans. One Greek legendary idea of man recounts a prior, more joyful time a Greek Garden of Eden What Came Before? Folklore ... which didnt kick the bucket since choices appeared. Like Pre-Socratic way of thinking would before long do, folklore likewise clarified the world, yet it gave otherworldly clarifications to the universe and creation. The fundamental subject of folklore is that the noticeable world is bolstered and supported by an imperceptible world. - Joseph Campbell Playing the Human World as though a Giant Chessboard Alright. You got me. There is an old film from the 70s on a subject from Greek folklore that shows the divine beings and goddesses playing with the lives of the human saints and maidens in trouble as genuine pawns on a vast chessboard, yet the picture works. Hollywood aside, a few Greeks thought concealed divine beings controlled the world from their roosts on Mt. Olympus. One god(dess) was answerable for grain, another for the oceans, another for the olive, and so on. Folklore made suppositions about significant things that individuals needed to, however couldnt see. Early scholars likewise made estimates about this concealed universe. The Change to Philosophy: The early Greek, Pre-Socratic thinkers endeavored to clarify their general surroundings in more characteristic terms than the individuals who depended on legendary clarifications that separated the work among human-looking (human) divine beings. For instance, rather than human maker divine beings, the Pre-Socratic logician Anaxagoras thought nous mind controlled the universe. Is That Really Philosophy? Theory Science (Physics) Such a clarification doesnt sound a lot of like what we consider as theory, not to mention science, however the Pre-Socratics were early savants, now and then vague from characteristic researchers. This is a significant point: theory and science/material science werent separate scholarly trains. Theory Ethics and the Good Life Afterward, savants went to different themes, similar to morals and how to live, however they didnt abandon their hypothesis about nature. Indeed, even toward the finish of the Roman Republic, it is reasonable for describe antiquated way of thinking as the two morals and material science [Roman Women, by Gillian Clark; Greece Rome, (Oct. 1981)]. Times of Greek Philosophy The Greeks commanded reasoning for about a thousand years, from before c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 500. Jonathan Barnes, in Early Greek Philosophy, partitions the thousand years into three sections: The Pre-Socratics.The period is known for its schools, the Academy, Lyceum, Epicureans, Stoics, and Skeptics.The time of syncretism starts roughly 100 B.C. what's more, finishes in A.D. 529 when the Byzantine Roman Emperor Justinian restricted the educating of agnostic way of thinking. There are different approaches to partition the Greek thinkers. The About.com Guide to Philosophy says there were 5 Great Schools - The Platonic, Aristotelian, Stoic, Epicurean, and Skeptic. Here were following Barnes and discussing the individuals who preceded Plato and Aristotle, the Stoics, Epicureans, and Skeptics. The First Philosophical Solar Eclipse This, Barnes first period, starts with Thales affirmed forecast of a sun oriented shroud in 585 B.C. what's more, finishes in 400 B.C. Logicians of this period are called Pre-Socratic, to some degree misleadingly, since Socrates was a contemporary. Some contend that the term reasoning mistakenly restricts the circle of enthusiasm of the purported Pre-Socratic savants. Is Students of Nature a Better Term? Understudies of nature, the Pre-Socratics are credited with imagining theory, however they didnt work in a vacuum. For example, information on the obscuration if not spurious may have originated from contact with Babylonian space experts. The early thinkers imparted to their ancestors, the mythographers, an enthusiasm for the universe. Where Does Stuff Come From? Parmenides was a thinker from Elea (west of territory Greece, in Magna Graecia) who most likely was a more established contemporary of the youthful Socrates. He says that nothing appears in light of the fact that then it would have originated from nothing. Everything that is should consistently have been. Legend Writers versus the Pre-Socratic Philosophers: Legends are anecdotes about persons.Pre-Socratics searched for standards or other regular clarifications. Legends permit a variety of explanations.Pre-Socratics were searching for the single rule behind the universe. Fantasies are preservationist, slow to change.To read what they composed, you may think the point of the Pre-Socratics was to thump down before theory.Myths are self-justifying.Myths are ethically conflicted.- From The Attributes of Mythic/Mythopoeic Thought Savants looked for an objective request discernible in the normal wonders, where mythographers depended on the powerful. Pre-Socratics Denied a Distinction Between Natural Supernatural: At the point when the Pre-Socratic thinker Thales (of shroud acclaim) expressed everything is brimming with divine beings, he wasnt so much singing the last curtain call of mythographers or supporting legend. No, he was kicking off something new by, in Michael Grants words, ... certainly denying that any qualification among regular and powerful could be genuinely imagined. The most noteworthy commitments of the Pre-Socratics were their sane, logical methodology and faith in a normally requested world. After the Pre-Socratics: Aristotle, etc: With the savant Aristotle, who esteemed proof and perception, the qualification among theory and observational science started to appear.Following the passing of Alexander the Great (an understudy of Aristotles), the lords who divvied up and administered his domain started to sponsor researchers working in zones, similar to medication, that would do them some good.At a similar time, the philosophical schools of the Stoics, Cynics, and Epicureans, that were not inspired by exact science, took hold.Michael Grant traits the partition of science and reasoning to Strato of Lampsacus (replacement of Aristotles replacement, Theophrastus), who moved the focal point of the Lyceum from rationale to try. Pre-Socratics May Have Been Rational But They Couldnt Possibly All Be Right: As Barnes calls attention to, on the grounds that the Pre-Socratics were reasonable, and introduced strong contentions, doesnt mean they were correct. They couldnt perhaps all be correct, in any case, since quite a bit of their working comprises in calling attention to irregularities of their antecedents standards. Sources: Jonathan Barnes, Early Greek PhilosophyMichael Grant, The Rise of the GreeksMichael Grant, The Classical GreeksG.S. Kirk and J.E. Raven, The Presocratic PhilosophersJ.V. Luce, Introduction to Greek PhilosophyThe Attributes of Mythopoeic Thought​ Related Resources: Presocratic PhilosophyPythagoras of SamosEpicureansStoics

Its not every day

It’s not every day… that you get invited to have lunch with the president of MIT. Bryan, President Hockfield periodically has lunch with a small group of 4 6 graduate and undergraduate students. She very much hopes that you available to join her as part of the next group on Friday, November 18 at noon. The group will gather in Dr. Hockfields reception area in 3-208 at noon, and then walk over together to the Forbes Cafe at Stata. I do hope that you can be a part. Sincerely, Kirk Kolenbrander Senior Advisor to the President Now its not every day that you have such an opportunity, but Im really grateful that the president of MIT is taking time out of her day to stand in long lines in the Stata Center, and have lunch with students give their honest opinion about different dimensions of MIT. Now Mollie was also at the lunch. Now I hope to motivate how statistically significant it is that TWO bloggers were invited to have lunch with her. ~10,000 students 9 student bloggers 0.0001 chance that one blogger will be selected (0.0001)^2 chance that two bloggers will be selected Among other topics we discussed with President Hockfield, we actually discussed the blogs and how theyre reshaping how MIT presents itself to the outside. And even though it was a very small chance that two bloggers would be invited to have lunch, there was clearly a 100% chance that there would be a photo =)

The Reasons I Chose Music - 2094 Words

I chose to use the medium music to explore how the music I listen to, sing, and play help me deal with stress. The reasons I chose music as my chosen medium are because I feel like it represents me the best. I find it very easy to relate to music, there is something about the lyrics, music, the instrument used to play the songs, and the emotions you can put into and hear in music that draws me in. Music makes me feel free, it allows me to escape from my troubles, my mind, and the world. Everything disappears and I become lost in the sounds and emotions it produces. Another reason for choosing music as my medium is the fact that I grew up with it. My siblings had all started piano and singing lessons by the time I was born, so as a baby I†¦show more content†¦On days I have class this time is usually when I am on the bus travelling to and from the college, so I get lots of time for my music on those days. Simply put I love music, and it has become an essential part of me, that invokes not only happy and some sad memories of my childhood but thoughts of how I have my whole life ahead of me to create new memories as well. The 11 songs I chose are the ones that have helped me deal with past stress the best and they are: parts of â€Å"Fur Elise†, â€Å"I Won’t Back Down†, â€Å"Go Way From My Window†, â€Å"Poor Wayfaring Stranger†, â€Å"Amazing Grace†, â€Å"Danny Boy†, â€Å"You Are My Sunshine†, â€Å"Clementine†, â€Å"Pan’s Labyrinth Lullaby†, â€Å"Headphones†, parts of â€Å"Circles† by Hollywood Undead. Each song has a special meaning that I associate with it, although some of the meanings overlap. â€Å"Fur Elise† is special because it is a song that is so much fun to play on piano and to listen to. I grew up listening Stuart and Jocelyn, my older sibling, playing it all the time. Stuart would play it as fast as he possibly could, watching his fingers fly across the keys was exhilarating as a child. Then Jocelyn would come and play next, all tame and smooth compared to Stuart’s wildness. Both variations were beautiful, especially when they put expression in, hearing the music flow from loud to quiet from soft to powerful was amazing. The best part though was when they would play â€Å"Fur Elise† together, it was magical,

The Aspects Of Darwin s Life - 851 Words

Summarize the aspects of Darwin s life/personal experiences/beliefs that you believed were most influential to him and explain how. Charles Darwin contributed much of his beliefs to the understanding of science, despite the adversities he had to overcome. Significantly, Charles was motivated intrinsically by his curiosity, since he lived during a time when science strictly clung to the bible. The aspects of differing religious views were most influential in Darwin’s life, personal experiences, and beliefs. Darwin came from an Anglican family who strongly adhered to their religion (Mrs. Weiland 1/6/16). Because of religion, several of Darwin’s challenges included unintentionally contradicting his family and friend’s religious views when attempting to explain his theories. Unfortunately, during his time, his â€Å"truly revolutionary ideas† were regarded as â€Å"highly unorthodox, jeopardizing the church and the bible† (Darwin s Dangerous Idea 2002). Incorporating into his mindset of religion, Darwin grew frustrated when Annie Darwin, Darwin’s daughter who fell ill, passed away. Darwin was so distraught that he would not let himself enter the church, not even for Annie’s funeral. Annie Darwin’s death most likely served as Charles Darwin’s fuel to rebel against the church, allowing him to resume his writings on the natural selection. Ultimately, Darwin was very much affected by religion as his anxiety surpassed his frustration at the church when preparing to propose his ideas.Show MoreRelatedCharles Darwin : Father Of Evolution1582 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Robert Darwin was born February 12, 1809. He is best known for his theory on evolution and and for his phenomenal book On the Origin of Species, which laid the foundation for evolutionary studies and is considered a landmark work in human history. Charles Darwin was a med school dropout but his real passion was for the great outdoors. Charles Darwin served as an unpaid naturalist on a science expedition on board HMS Beagle. The rich variety of animal and plant species that Darwin saw on the voyageRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of The Creation Of Species1560 Words   |  7 PagesProject Eagle Final Paper: Charles Darwin Charles Darwin has become Christianity’s greatest enemy with his theories of the creation of species and has caused people to turn their backs on faith and look to science to be their religion. The way in which Darwin describes the creation of species in The Origin of Species does not agree with how species are created in Christian teachings. Charles Darwin’s theories have impacted so many different aspects of life from what we teach our children inRead MoreSocial Darwinism Is An Ideology Of Society1566 Words   |  7 Pagesgot to the point of coining the modern term of â€Å"Social Darwinism† we would have to turn to the famous man himself, Charles Darwin. 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Darwin’s father, Robert Darwin, who was best known as the father of the naturalist Charles Darwin, wanted Charles to become a doctor. Due to lack on interest in the medicine field,Read MoreHow Charles Darwin Changed the World Forever1409 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom the way we see everyday events in the world, and that man is Charles Darwin. Charles Darwin was a scientist who discovered the origin of life through a study on the Galapagos Islands. Before Darwin’s discovery, the world was looked upon as God’s playground where everything happened because of him. For example, if something bad happened to someone’s family like a disease it would be because they have angered God. Darwin lived during the dawn of reasoning and questioning. Men were now asking â€Å"how†Read MoreCharles Darw in : Explaining Emotion Through Evolution1526 Words   |  7 Pages Charles Darwin: Explaining Emotion through Evolution Skyla Pappas Front Range Community College As most of us know, Charles Darwin is known as the father of the theory of evolution. Darwin not only advanced our understanding of nature in the fields of science and biology, he also made a huge contribution to the field of psychology in his book entitled â€Å"The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals†. In it he argued that organisms develop the abilityRead MoreBill Nye Vs Ken Ham1661 Words   |  7 Pagesthere is too much influence of the theory of evolution on children, we need to take the child back to the correct view of the world in this debate, and it is a good opportunity to let people know more about God, and the spread of the Gospel. Ken Ham s position is creationism. He believes that people are not evolved, because God created human, and then human evolution. That is, if there is no God, humans would not have evolved. From the content point of view, creationism is opposed to idealistic theoryRead MoreEssay on Victorian Age1258 Words   |  6 Pagesbecame more self-conscious, the middle class more powerful and the rich became more vulnerable. The novels of Charles Dickens, the poems of Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning, the dramatic plays of Oscar Wilde, the scientific discoveries of the Darwins, and the religious revolt of Newman all helped to enhance learning and literacy in the Victorian society. Of all of the Literary eras, the Victorian age gave a new meaning to the word controversy. Writers of that time challenged the ideas of religion

Creating A Small Business Computer And Data Security

Abstract The purpose of his proposal is to provide inquiry and identify the best way to implement fundamental plans to individuals who wish to build and run a small business in addition to the lack of information they may bear on the importance and sustainability of protecting their networks and data against cyber-attacks. Figure 1: Map Display of international cyber-attacks. Introduction In recent years, Cybercrime has increased radically and it is becoming more vital for people to grant protection on their computers and data just as they do with anything else they deem needs to be secured. The improved rate for the need of security also applies to conceptual institutes of small businesses. Small businesses keep record of client, personal, product, and explicit company finance information and data. With this wealth of information and the increase in cybercrime, small businesses need an effective solution to defend their computer systems and data from cyber-attackers. Small business computer and data security is an imperative dispute that needs to be resolved. Research is a considerable necessity to ascertain what small business owners need to put into action in response to guarding themselves and their clients from the jeopardy associated with data concession. Small businesses employ a great deal of financial transactions and need to safeguard their data. If the data were to be conceded in some form or way, innumerable amounts of people would be at peril of identityShow MoreRelatedVisual Entities ( Ve ), Inc.1126 Words   |  5 PagesVisual Entities (VE), Inc. is a small business that designs, manufactures and installs interior and exterior signage throughout Michigan and the Midwest region. Currently, their IT infrastructure consists of two back-up servers that are in-housed, one for their Cyrious software and the other for their FileMaker program, which are their main database management systems for their daily business operations. 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Diagnostic Essay about Advertising free essay sample

Some people argue that advertising educates consumers and promotes product benefits, while others argue that advertisements can be deceptive and unethical. Should the claims made by advertisements be regulated? Make sure you support your position with reasons, explanations, and examples. I believe advertising educate consumer, promote product benefit 100% 1 consumer does not have knowledge to choose product without advertisement. Do not know about product. it is consumer responsibility to pick the most suitable choice for their needs after getting products’ info 3 Each country have rule and regulation for business not to cheat consumer/harm consumer for prof Diagnostic Essay Talking about advertising, customers normally claim that the businesses always try to cheat them with the most attractive way. However, if customers ever think about that how many time we need to buy a fan, we don’t know which brand to go for, and what type is more reliable and worth the money. Then, we have to go search for friends’ advise. But we forgot about the fact that how much knowledge our friends have for this particular product since they are not in the field. Furthermore, they use one fan for ten over years; will they be able to provide us the best choice of our need product at current market, which is changing every second? Finally, we find advertisement is essentials for human life. A fan, a TV, a sofa, or a chair are visible products, which we can actually choose base on our own eyes for the color, the quality, the style. These products we can easily to choose whenever we need to at any store near by without consultation, if we don’t have a picky taste. However, some products like food, health care, supplements how are we able to tell the benefit of them without advertisement. In reality, customers is really beneficial from advertisement which include many way to educate the market like TV channel, eyes catching packaging, banel on the street, on taxi/bus in any crowed place to tell about a new product. I personally find people who look at advertisement very deceptively are so contradicting. They are normal human, and they have daily needs like others. I am wondering how can they select goods for their uses? Or they still have to depend on advertisement in some way to buy merchandises. If this is the case, isn’t it funny when you criticize something, then, you actually support the same thing later. To me it is kind of embarrassing. I used to tease a friend of mine who hate advertisement in general. We are quite close to each other, so we are almost always together in any event. As we know, in this modern society, we can easily find advertisement everywhere since the minute we walk out the house. Many times, he made joke about any new banels we saw on the street. He told me about how stupid his friends were when they got cheating by sales people and advertisement. And there was one day we went out as usual; we heard a beautiful voice singing from a big crow. My friend realized the voice was from his most favorite celebrity. Immediately, he tried to get in the crow to see his singer. After his satisfaction with his hot singer’ songs, the singer said that this was a charity event to help disability children, and the sponsor was a household appliances company. They were giving such a biggest deal in the last three years for certain products. My friend felt so mood about his singer’ soul for children, so he ended up bringing quite a number of appliances back. Then, I looked at him surprisingly asked that whether he bought appliances because of the singer or because of his needs. I laughed at him not because he got scam, but it was because he was so attractive with advertisement as others too. I have to admit that some of the businesses concentrate more about their profit without considering consumers’ benefit and safety. It makes some sense for those who don’t trust the advertisement. However, if you live in well-developed country like U. S, U. K, Australia, Singapore, and some others, you will not need to worry too much about advertisement. Because the government in these countries has been doing a good job to protect consumers by setting up many rules and regulations for businesses. Whichever business don’t obey the rules, they will have to pay for heavy fine, or even have to shut out their companies. Advertisement is one of the most potential industries, which provides benefit not only for consumers, but also for job replacements. Advertising people are proud to serve customers with their profession and responsibilities. Some people may raise a question that how can they choose a good product for their needs since all the products seems like so good to use? This question is a question which only consumers can give the answers for themselves. Because you are the only one who knows what is your most need, so you prioritize for it. For instance, you are looking for a multiple vitamin supplement for your twenty’s years, and you also need to enrich more iron for your body according to your private doctor. There are two brands of the companies provide the same thing, you will need to choose the one contain more iron for your own need. Similar like that, in reality, there are many factors involve when you choose a product like pricing, convenience, etc. Again, it is customers’ responsibilities to decide what is most suitable for them after getting different brand products’ educated by businesses. As consumers, we need to have a fair look for advertisement industry. We need to acknowledge its benefit brought to us, so we can have a variety of selection to choose. And if someone still think advertisement is a scam, and unethical, they need to go back to century years ago for living. Then, they will find how happy they are with no advertisement and the least choice of obsolete society gives them.

Judaism Beliefs on Pollution Essay Example

Judaism Beliefs on Pollution Paper This may include the removal of the cause of the noise, even if its removal will cause the owner financial hardship. Four particular disturbances are especially likely to lead to legal action according to Jewish law: smoke, sewage odors, dust and similar aerosols, and vibrations. Even if permission had initially been given, the offended neighbor can withdraw it. All of these are forms of pollution which are a source of great concern to this day. In particular, halvah limits the closeness to the city to prevent air pollution within the city. Halvah is the Jewish law, including biblical, Talmudic and rabbinic law. The genius of halvah has been its ability to apply the knowledge of ancient principles to ever-new situations. Damage such as littering in public places is also included in the prohibition against causing damage -if not according to the letter of halvah, then according to its spirit. At least one example of such legislation is: furnaces were forbidden in Jerusalem because the smoke blackened the walls of the houses, and this is a disgrace. If your neighbor lets you commit various minor types of image for three years without saying anything, you may assume that he isnt bothered by what youre doing. But, the Talmud defines a list that you must always assume are intolerable to your neighbor. For however long your neighbor puts up with your disturbances, his silence must never be interpreted as assent to your continuing damage. In the religious aspects of Judaism, Jews believe that they must give total respect and w illingness to sustain the earth and its environment because God created it for us. We will write a custom essay sample on Judaism Beliefs on Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Judaism Beliefs on Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Judaism Beliefs on Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Jews try to correct these issues, as they clash with the Jewish beliefs of preservation of he environment. Once you know that your actions have been causing harm to the world, it becomes your responsibility to change your actions so that you can stop being a cause of the whole problem. Controlling pollution is a very important and ancient priority in Jewish law. Its found that detailed regulations to regulate nuisances were put into place close to two thousand years ago. According to the Jewish, they believe that air, water, soil and noise all come under pollution. The Talmud says that the destruction of water such as pollution, can be a location and allows for claiming damages or obtaining an appropriate injunction to remove the nuisance where the purity of ones water supply is endangered. Physical pollution of the environment such as breathing in polluted, toxic air is dangerous to everyones health and well-being and the Torah states not to place ourselves unnecessarily into potentially dangerous situations. The Talmud teaches followers that wasting or destroying anything on earth is wrong. Pollution is an insult to the world God created. Moodiness states that damage causing air pollution through smoke, dust, ND noxious smells is not permitted even if no one protests. Water must not cause damage or pollution. According to Genesis, (1:26) the newly created humans were given authority to rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, Over the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground. Jews like to be located in a clean, tidy place. It is forbidden in Jewish law to live in a city that does not have greenery. The biblical prophets particularly warn of the catastrophe that will result from contamination of the land. In comparison with Christianity, the Jewish believe that pollution within the environment is a top priority to control. As for Christians, the environment and the problems surrounding it have only recently been placed on the agenda for Christian churches. It has not always been viewed as a top priority amongst Christians, as they believed they were superior to the land and could therefore do what they like to the earth. Christians realized the environment was more important then what they initially thought, and felt the need to care for the earth.

Analysis Of Comunication Skill Example

Analysis Of Comunication Skill Example Analysis Of Comunication Skill – Coursework Example Analysis of Communication skills Effective communication is particularly vital in politics and policy. There is a story once told of a high-school student who asked a politician what she needed to study to become a politician and the politician responded by telling him that all she needed is to study and understand English. Politics of making a significant contribution to the lives of people succeeds only if an individual makes himself/herself understood. The two most significant communications skills in politics and policy are the ability to speak clearly and ability to persuade (Mason et al., 2011). In almost all instances, an audience is least interested in listening to a speech that is read than delivered in a manner that is clear and a spur-of-the-moment. It is essential for an individual to have well thought out words and speak clearly (Nannini, 2009). Slurring words and letting words fade would make it difficult for the audience to hear the priority issues on child obesity. Sp eaking clearly would show the congressmen that an individual is confident with what he or she is talking about and would believe what he or she has to say. The ability to persuade forms part of communication skills that are essential in politics and policy. The ability to persuade is possibly the most significant aspect of an effective communication (Nannini, 2009). When talking to Congressmen, it would not be worth the time to command them to implement the priority issues in childhood obesity. By engaging the congressmen in the speech or communication, creates personal relationships and it is easy to persuade them on the issues that one has to present. Notably, it is essential to apprehend that the secret to policy and politics is effective communication, not just notching a few rhetorical points. ReferencesMason, D. J., Leavitt, J. K., & Chaffee, M. W. (Eds.) (2011). Policy & politics in nursing and healthcare (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier.Nannini, A. (2009). The hea lth policy pathfinder: An innovative strategy to explore interest group politics. Journal of Nursing Education, 48(10), 588–591. doi:10.3928/0148483420090828-03.

Human resource- motivation at sales company Essay

Human resource- motivation at sales company - Essay Example Statistics indicate that sales persons are motivated by tangible rewards as well as cash rewards. They acknowledge that cash do help them get the bills paid but it does not keep sales people going (32%). In fact 79% respondents to an Incentive Federation survey indicate that they find non-cash rewards more effective in motivating them achieve sales and marketing goals than cash rewards. Tangible rewards increase performance by 22% while team incentives increase performance by 44%. Moreover, sales people are more enticed by incentive programs including give-aways, travel opportunities, privileges, club membership or be part of the company’s elite group. Although companies have the potential to improve their organizational performances, they are at times unaware of the tools available to them. For most organizations, motivation is compensation; it is cash rewards given out to employees as incentives. However, this is not the appropriate or effective strategy for increasing employee performance, changing their attitude or even motivating them, especially for a sales workforce whose motivational factors differ from other employees. Organizations need to focus on stoking sales team spirit according to Greco (1994). Compensation is not the only motivating factor (Smith 2008). The University of Michigan identified communication as the key to understanding employees motives and a means to responding to their needs (Ford, McLaughlin, and Newstrom, 2003). Representatives need statistics to boost their performance. Statistics to track sales and profits include traffic, average sale, closing ratio, inventory, pricing trends, prospects lists, client information, industry statistics etc. Cash rewards are unpopular as compared to tangible rewards. Positive incentives which can be integrated at the workplace to motivate sales team include recognition program, awards, and respect for contribution. Marchetti (2006) indicates

Audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Audit - Essay Example In the year 2003, IAPC was accepted as a series of restructuring regarding the auditing guidelines in order to further reinforce the setting-standard procedures. The IAASB mainly contributes in delivering auditing process related information clearly to the public as much as possible (International Federation of Accountants, 2011). This paper intends to analyse and critically discuss the development of the wording of the external audit report and the IAASB’s proposals on its further improvement. A Brief Perception on the Purpose of the External Audit Report An external audit report is considered as an assessment concerning the business operation, internal control, governance and financial reporting of a particular company. This report i.e. external audit report is primarily organized by external auditors belonging to different government agencies and other public accounting organizations. The core objective of preparing an external audit report is to deliver a self-governing ev aluation as well as unbiased appraisal regarding a firm’s internal governance (Saint Helena Audit Service, 2006). The ‘International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB)’ is typically regarded as an autonomous standard-setting body that provides valuable guidelines about the preparation of an external auditing report. The major purpose of the IAASB is to concentrate on public interest by setting superior quality of international values. Moreover, the guidelines and core values of IAASB focuses upon the improvement of quality and consistency of auditing practices all over the world and also reinforce the public confidence towards international auditing (International Federation of Accountants, 2011). By taking into concern the medium term strategy, the basic objectives of IAASB include the following attributes emphasising upon public interest (International Federation of Accountants, 2011). The attributes are as follows: Controlling effective stability r egarding international financial aspects, Improving the importance as well as role and providing quality assurance towards the auditing services within the context of today’s financial condition and Initialising clarity as well as successful execution of auditing standards (International Federation of Accountants, 2011). A Brief Explanation about How and Why the Wording has Evolved in the External Audit Report Since the year 1980, when the auditing standards are required to be maintained effectively within the external auditing report, it has been identified that the stakeholders face several issues about the pronunciation and the wordings content in the report. Due to these several problems, the auditing report has undergone several changes in order to improve both its quality as well as clarity that would be helpful for the auditors to fulfil the expectation of the stakeholders. In the year 1994, David Woodliff, Professor of finance and accounting, conducted a research stud y regarding the audit expectation gap. The primary reason of the study is to identify the dissimilarities between the users of financial report and the message of the auditors

Dworkin Theory of Law as Integrity

Dworkin Theory of Law as Integrity In Laws Empire, Dworkin has distinguished three legal conceptions: conventionalism, pragmatism and law as integrity  [1]  , by criticizing conventionalism and pragmatism, Dworkin concludes that law as integrity is the most plausible and defensible. However, criticism to Dworkins argument-law as Integritycan be seen in various academic works. In this essay, first and foremost, we will briefly discuss the basic arguments of Dworkins theory of law as integrity then we will go on to criticize Dworkins theory in light of relevant legal theories. Introduction of the Theory of Law as integrity Conventionalism Pragmatism In the theory of conventionalism, legal rights can only emerge from existing law, including precedents and legislation. Conventionalism also holds the view that judges must follow the law and should make decisions only based on existing statutes and more importantly, judges must respect what convention deems binding law.  [2]   According to the theory of pragmatism, assignments of legal rights and responsibilities must be consistent with past decisions. Moreover, the pragmatist theory holds the view that adjudication is not really constrained by the law. Hence, pragmatism argues that judges should decide what decision will, according to them, be best for the community as a whole.  [3]  This means that for reasons of strategy judges must sometimes act as if they are applying pre-existing legal rights.  [4]  In the meanwhile, in accordance with pragmatist theory, to some extent, the behaviour of a court in making decision of certain case is not constrained by the existing law. These two legal theories are highly criticized by Dworkin. As Dworkin points out that assumes that judges sometimes invent law, which means that they act in an unconstrained manner. Pragmatism also assumes that judges are hardly constrained when adjudicating cases. It thus cannot account for why judges are so concerned with precedents and statutes when they decide hard cases.  [5]   Dworkin then provides a third theory of law, which he believes not only better represents what actually happens when judges decide cases but is also a morally better theory of law. Law as Integrity The concept of Law as Integrity is a key to Dworkins Constructive Interpretation of legal practice.  [6]  According to Dworkin, judges should identify legal rights and obligations on the basis that all the rights and obligations are crated by the community as integrity, and all those rights and obligations express the communitys conception of justice and fairness. In accordance with Dworkin, the only way to understand legal practice seems to be thattaking the interpretative perspectives of the participant into consider in the practice. Dworkin claims that when judges (as well as lawyers) consider which way is the best to solve a legal issue, they should not simply identify exactly what positive law is applicable in a certain case, but taking an interpretative approach to law as social practice. Dworkin emphasizes that a solution to a certain case is always sought out through a matter of interpretative practice. Dworkins perspective here is quite against that of conventionalists, the conventionalists insist that in dealing with a certain case, the judge only should identify exactly what law is applicable. Furthermore, Dworkin points out that in the debate of a certain case, different opinions and arguments are raised by lawyers, and under this circumstance, the decision of what law is applicable in the case is usually based on what opinion the law amounts to in a particular matter rather than what conventions apply. Participants in such a debate thus do not attempt to link the facts of a case with the supposedly posited law applicable but rather interpret the law in light of a general normative justification or moral point expressed in it. A participant interpreting a social practice [i.e. the law], according to that view, proposes value for the practice by describing some scheme of interest or goals or principles the practice can be taken to serve or express or exemplify.  [7]   Dworkin argues that network of political structures and decisions of his community  [8]  must always be called on by a judge when the judge goes about adjudicating. For instance, legislation and case law which must be identified in a pre-interpretative stage Then in the following stages, the judge must always question himself whether his interpretation of this network could form part of a coherent theory justifying the network as a whole. No actual judge could compose of anything approaching a full interpretation of all of his communitys law at once. But an actual judge can () allow the scope of his interpretation to fan out from the cases immediately in point to cases in the same general area or department of law, and then still farther, so far as this seems promising.  [9]  In accordance with Dworkins arguments, the interpretation of law should not only fit into the legal system but also be the best normative justification of law as such, this means that not only must the i nterpretation of the judges be consistent with the law identified at the pre-interpretative stage, but also the law must be interpreted in a way which is the best in the participants mind. Moreover, according to Dworkins theory, both the judge and any other participant should adjust his own sense of of what the practice really requires so as better to serve the justification he accepts at the interpretative stage.  [10]   We notice that, in accordance with Dworkin, morality affects the whole process of adjudication of cases. By contrast, he dose not express the view that a certain case should be adjudicated and resolved on the basis of sole considerations of justice. Dworkin claims that the moral standards should be derived form the explicit and existing legal practice and contrary to positivists, Dworkin believes that moral principles that cohere with past legal practice are valid propositions of law as well-so much so that these principles can and should go beyond what legal conventions teach us the law is.  [11]   In Dworkins theory, there are two basic elements of law, one is a retrospective element, which he calls fit, and the other is a prospective element, which he calls justification.  [12]  Furthermore, Dworkin points out that in exercising the function of these two elements, judges are required to construct a theory of law which can both fit past legal decisions and makes the law as good as possible. In doing this, the judges are required to search out legal principles which have been previously mentioned in the historical and social characteristics of the legal system and then improve the law for the future by making it more coherent  [13]  . Hence, we can say that according to Dwokins theory, in dealing with a certain case, the judge should try to interpret the law in a way which promotes the coherence of the legal system as well as possible. In other words, it is to say that an interpretationwhich is the most coherent to legal systemis much better than an interpretation-which makes the legal system less coherent. This implies that when interpretation is concerned, there exists a certain tension between what is presented by the existing positivist material and what is the best way to interpret such material from a moral point of view.  [14]   From the view of Dworkin, a judge is like an author in writing a novel, in that case a new author is bound by what another author has written in a previous chapter, but the new author will subsequently attempt to continue the novel in the best possible way.  [15]  A judge should view his or her role in a chain in law, he or she is not purely independent, but is indeed independent to some extent,He knows that other judges have decided cases that, although not exactly like his case, deal with related problems; he must think of their decisions as part of a long story he must interpret and then continue, according to his own judgement of how to make the developing story as good as it can be.  [16]  In other words, Dworkin holds the view that law is not arbitrary but rather the expression of an underlying attempt at forming and clarifying a coherent legal consciousness of society.  [17]  Hence, in interpreting certain legal text, a judge is not completely free. The judge is no t allowed to inject any personal morality into the interpretation of the legal document. More essentially, a judge is required to interpret with the purpose of establishing coherence based on the integrity of existing law. Furthermore, decision making by the judge will depend, that is, not only on his beliefs about which of these principles is superior as a matter of abstract justice but also about which should be followed, as a matter of political fairness, in a community whose members have the moral convictions his fellow citizens have.  [18]  Dworkin also explains this in more general terms: There are two possibilities. Someone might say that interpretation of a social practice means discovering the purposes or intentions of the other social participants in the practice (). Or that it means discovering the purposes of the community that houses the practice, conceived as itself having some form of mental life or group consciousness. The first of these suggestions seems more attractive because less mysterious. But it is ruled out by the internal structure of an argumentative social practice, because it is a feature of such practices that an interpretive claim is not just a claim about what other i nterpreters think. () [A] social practice creates and assumes a crucial distinction between interpreting the acts and thoughts of participants one by one, in that way, and interpreting that practice itself, that is, interpreting what they do collectively. It assumes that distinction because the claims and arguments participants make, licensed and encouraged by the practice, are about what it means, not what they mean. () [An interpreter must therefore] join the practice he proposes to understand ().  [19]   Criticism of Dworkins Legal Theory Moral to full extent According to Michael Sandel  [20]  , Dwokins legal theory begins with the principles of freedom and equality that justify the institutions of democracy and law. However, as Stephen Guise points out that the claim that democracy is just and that law is part of democracy is a claim about a moral ideal.  [21]  If we go further, that is to say, in a moral level, the world without democracy is better than a democratic world. Since in a democratic world, laws are enacted and enforced but laws may be substantively unjust. Stephen Guest criticizes that The theory of Dworkins is moral to the full extent. Interpretation is therefore is not constrained by facts even though it makes use of facts. It does not follow that his theory is subjective, because his moral views like all moral views are subject to revision, correction and, in short, reason.  [22]  Stephen Breyer says that constitutional standards keep subjective judicial decision-making in check.  [23]  In my mind, it is right, but not purely right, that is because, this statement implies that there exists some external checking fact on these judicial subjective judgments, more importantly, this statement demonstrates that judges should not formulate applicable constitutional standards. In the theory of Dworkins, interpretation is something close to the end-product of moralizing with others who are largely in agreement and who endorse true propositions of modality.  [24]  This means that the origin of Dworkins legal theory is moral pro posals concerning equality and freedom. Dworkin cannot explain the extraordinary rigidity of the U.S. Constitution, in particular the way that entrenched provisions of the Constitution conservatively constrain judges by imposing the dead hand of the past  [25]  . In Dworkins perspective, there is no categorical distinction between distinction history and substance, although there is an argument of fit, as we mentioned before, this is merely another form of argument of substance. So in Dworkins theory, there is no way of identifying historical facts about the Constitution distinct from its moral substance. The only arguments are moral arguments and as we mentioned in the first part, Dworkin expresses the idea that entrenched positions can be interpreted morally, in terms, for example, of the protection of democratic decision-making. So law is a form of moralizing that is also an integral part of democracy. If we genuinely believe in equality of respect, we naturally end up with endorsing representative democracy, which means legislative activity through delegated agency. It is not just that the legislature represents my view through legislation but, merely in its existence, it expresses my conviction that I respect others equally. Since I do, I must allow that their convictions count, too, and so I must abide by whatever the procedural outcome is of this respect I owe to others. Moral convictions and objectivity. There is a conflict in Dworkins theory, on one hand, Dworkin emphasizes objectivity in decision making, on the other hand, Dworkin put decision onto a moral basis. As Duncan Kennedy  [26]  claims that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the judges should not choose the interpretation that applies their own moral and political convictions. I personally dont see what else they could applyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Furthermore, as Waldron points out that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦These are convictions, not whims, and even where there is nothing else but ones own convictions to follow, no-one thinks that it means those convictions are rightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [27]  So it is rare or even impossible that a judge will not take personal moral convictions into the process of adjudication or interpretation. Unclear about Justice By holding the same view with Waldron, Smith  [28]  supposes that Dworkins idea or justice is not clear since Dworkin has argued that justice depends on recognizable principles. Furthermore, Smith questions that why should a principle of justice have to be recognizable?  [29]  For principles of justice will surely gain moral recognition if they do because they have force independent of recognition. Someone has to do the recognizing first. How to achieve ideal integrity? Susan Hurley  [30]  defends Dworkins perspective against a claim by Kenneth Kress  [31]  that Dworkin cannot provide a coherent consideration of law in circumstances where there is an intervening judicial decision between a set of facts that ground litigation and the litigation itself. Does the judge decide on the basis of the previous law, or the intervening law? Hurley concludes that if the intervening decision is right, then there is coherence, therefore, there is no problem; if it is wrong, it is a mistake, and need not count. A question may be raised here thatalthough it may have created further rights, say, to reasonable expectations being met, which will cohere with integrity? Moreover, Hurley  [32]  sees the problem in terms of overall moral coherence untrammeled by worries about descriptive facts'. So Hurley usefully broadens the picture by pointing out that coherence is determined as much by hypothetical facts, those that test the limits of principle (and which judges often use), as they are by judicial decisions. Furthermore, as we mentioned before, in Dworkins legal theory, when dealing with a particular case, a judge should interpret and apply law in light of the whole legal system, and make interpretation which is consistent with the integrity of the legal system. However, is this really applicable in practice? In accordance with Waldron  [33]  , it is a challenge to Dworkins descriptive optimism that the facts of the American legal system could make it impossible to give an overall account of American law that would remain true to integrity. But as Stephen argues that there is no such tension between facts and moral optimism as he appears to envisage. The facts are either incorporated into the argument that makes for integrity or they are discounted. There is the possibility that the American legal system has become so dysfunctional that no moral case for integrity can be made for it, but that seemingly remote possibility would not be an embarrassment for Dworkins theory.  [34]  Waldrons comments seem to imply that there are facts that determine law independently of interpretation. And so it has the general form of: Imagine a legal system where integrity might not apply; what then? Dworkins reply can only be and it is his reply that We cannot be sure, before we look, because noth ing in his legal theory requires that all legal systems display integrity  [35]  . Finally, Dworkin must allow that, by making best sense of an existing legal practice, we may still conclude that the practice failed the ideal. Take the fugitive slave Acts for instance.  [36]  What should the judges do when they are legally required to send captured slaves back to the South? In order to maintain the integrity of legal system, the judges should send those slaves back but to achieve the goal of justice, judges should set the slaves free. Hence, the outcome of the judgment represents a serious conflict between integrity and jusitice. A positivist will deal this case by distinguishing legal justice and real justice, but in Dworkins theory, this is criticized. According to Dworkins theory, the relevant ideal here is the ideal of integrity; it is through bad legal argument that one fails to meet that ideal, and it is bad because it hasnt made maximal use, in the circumstances of actual practice, what that actual ideal of integrity requires. So interpretivism produces an ideal, but it is not the outcome that would be the best in all possible worlds, which is how we ordinarily think of ideals. But maybe this doesnt particularly matter. We have the ideal solution in integrity and this differs from the ideal solution in justice. At times both fairness and efficiency require following precedents, but integrity is different, although it will serve both those values as well. Nevertheless, the ideal of integrity appears to be constrained by existing practices in a way that the ideal of justice is not. Or, by its nature, it seems, interpretation is only possible within the existing world, which suggests it is not an ideal at all. A cruder way of putting this point is that making the best sense of existing legal practices is no more than adequately characterizing equity deficits, that is to say characterizing how far these practices fall short of the ideal. If the Legal System is Wicked Obviously, a consequence of Dworkins views is that the legal system itself may not contain too many mistakes. That is because in Dworkins theory, the normative dimension feeds on the law itself, and more importantly, Dworkin emphasizes the relationship between local politics and law. As a matter of fact, Dworkins theory is constructed on the presupposition that the integrity of the legal community is in a large measure reflected in its law. So if the justification of law is to flow from societys political decisions (in the form of law), it follows that these decisions must also be justifiable as such; but this is obviously not always the case, as the examples of Apartheid South Africa and Nazi Germany show. Why would we make racism the best it can be? Dworkins argument here is circular in that it presupposes, in his case, the existence of a liberal democracy  [37]   We also note that Dworkins theory does not require abandoning the history or anthropology of wicked legal systems. As we mentioned before, Dworkin holds the view that law should be treated as conventional, because that is a theory that clearly has a moral point  [38]  . There is no need to talk in terms of the Hart-Dworkin debate'  [39]  Stephen claims, especially as they barely debated these questions. The debate should instead concern the theoretical question of the identification of the conditions according to which propositions of law are true. That debate is important because it concerns, amongst other matters, our moral obligation to conform to law. And so while it is right that we move away from the Hart- Dworkin debate, it would be wrong to move from questions concerning the identification of law, because these are at the core of our moral obligations to the community.  [40]  It is true that there will be occasions when the law requires something the moral force o f which grates with a judges personal convictions. There will therefore be occasions when it may be morally right for the judge to lie where justice trumps integrity. But I dont see how any of this affects Dworkins theory unless, yet again, one supposes that some descriptive fact defeats the moral judgment. Both the systems of apartheid and Nazism contained elements of good that could be put to use through integrity. Since these systems regularly enforced equality in some spheres, and morality says that the racial classifications are wrong, then the laws promoting the immoral policies can be made out as dysfunctional, perverted, or even mistaken and, so, not creative of moral obligations. However, if there is no articulated and public structure that, as Dyzenhaus says, citizens have been encouraged to obey and treat as a source of rights and duties,  [41]  it is difficult to see what is left. Where there is such a semblance of law, of an articulate public structure of rights an d duties, citizens acquiescence forms something of a legitimizing base, which, incidentally, Fuller called the external morality of law.  [42]   What will be interpreted cannot be distinguished from the interpretation itself It is not very clear in what respect an analogy can be drawn between law and literature in that legal texts constrain judges in their interpretative activities. Some argue that legal texts themselves are texts as well and thus also must be interpreted. In other words, what is to be interpreted cannot be distinguished from the interpretation itself. There is no such thing as a text out there  [43]  , and meaning is derived from interpretation. From that point of view, a previous legal text as such does not put any constraints on its interpretation but rather on the shared understandings that live within the interpreting community. Conclusion As we have discussed throughout this essay, although Dworkin tried to provide a theory of law, which, at least in his opinion, not only better represents what actually happens when judges decide cases but is also a morally better theory of law. It seems that his work is unsuccessful. Dworkin tried to avoid the shortcomings of both conventionalist theory and pragmatist theory. In the theory of law as integrity, when comes to interpretation of law, on one hand, Dworkin expects to make the judge constrained by law by arguing that the interpretation of law should follow the step of former decisions and be coherent with the existing legal system, on the other hand, Dworkin tries to make the judge creative, and emphasizes on the moral issues in the process of interpretation. Moreover, Dworkin connects law with other social elements, such as politics and local community, and enlarged the conception of integrity. In conclusion, we see Dworkins theory of law as integrity is good in a moral level but bad in a legal level. As we have discussed in this essay, Dworkins theory of law as integrity lacks applicability, if a theory only sounds good but could not be applied in practice, this theory is not a good one. In addition, as a legal theory, Dworkins theory of law as integrity fails in the following essential aspects. Firstly, this theory made its sole concept integrity conflicted with the concept of justice under certain circumstances. Secondly, when Dworkin makes law closely related to politics, actually, more problems have been raised rather than solved.

Causes and Effects of the American Revolution Essay -- Essays on Amer

Both the British and the American colonists contributed to causing the American Revolution. The war grew out of contempt: England’s contempt for the colonies and colonial contempt for British policies. A series of actions by the British eventually pushed the colonists over the edge and towards independence. The results of the war gave many citizens a new role in society while others, like slaves, felt no change at all. This paper will examine the specific causes and effects of the American Revolution. Ideology really laid the foundation for the Revolution. British citizens, including those in the North American colonies, felt a special sense of pride in their political system. Unlike in other European countries at the time, the English king did not possess absolute control over his country. England has a parliament, and that stood as a check against the king’s power. Many Britons grew up skeptical of a single, authoritarian ruler. Within this political framework, there existed the concept of liberty. â€Å"The English had no standing army, no letters de cachet; they had their habeas corpus, their trials by jury, their freedom of speech and conscience, and their right to trade and travel; they were free from arbitrary arrest and punishment; their homes were their castles.† The vast majority of the colonists considered themselves British, and as such, they were entitled to these rights and freedoms. Republicanism coexisted with the notion of liberty. â€Å"According to the classical republican tradition, man was by nature a political being, a citizen who achieved his greatest moral fulfillment by participating in a self-governing republic.† The colonists took this virtuous duty seriously, especially when it came to r... ...t for their right to have a say in how their country should be run. In their old age, the leaders of the American Revolution and eventual founders of the United States worried about the extent to which democracy pervaded society. However, their actions planted the seeds for oppressed groups to fight for their rights. A country whose founding principle is that â€Å"all men are created equal†¦with certain unalienable rights† including â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness† will always give people hope for a better future. Works Cited Countryman, Edward. The American Revolution revised edition. New York: Hill and Wang, 2003. Norton, Mary Beth. Liberty’s Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996. Wood, Gordon S. The Radicalism of the American Revolution. New York: Vintage Books, 1991.

Market Structures Essay

Each market structure plays a significant role in the economy. Markets are categorized according to the structure of each industry serving the market. Three of the basic market structures include competitive markets, monopolies, and oligopolies. These differ due to the different number of strength of buyers and sellers and also the level of collusion between them. There are stages of competition and magnitude of the difference in products. When there are many buyers and sellers of a product then neither firms are able influence prices, therefore making it competitive. In competitive markets there are not restraints on firms going in and out of the market and buyers can purchase the same product or products from many sellers and get the same products. For example, potatoes are in the competitive market because consumers can find a potato farm that offers them at the lowest market price, and they can produce however much they want or as much as they can profit from at the going rate. There are many options for buyers because, with the knowledge, there is a lower price so they can always observe to find the best price. Lets say a good/product is $10 at the market price and a firm produces 10 units per day. The total revenue for the day would be $100 ($10 x 10 = $100), but the marginal revenue with producing the eleventh unit per day would increase from $100 to $ 110 ( 11 x $10). However marginal cost do vary depending on the amount of goods produced. For example, a firm may increase input so marginal cost is equal to the market price. As long as the market price covers the variable cost there is incentive to stay in business, and possibly in the long run maximize profits (Jeffery Ely, 2012). So basically with a numerous amount of buyers and sellers in the market it creates competition and very little bargaining power for buyers and sellers. There are usually not many barriers that exist within competitive markets because the exit and entry levels are low. For example, even though the market for making cars competitive the upfront capitol cost are high, which can create difficulty entering, or getting started. In some cases an exit barrier may exist if a large amounts of money is tied up in firm.

Peer Pressure Research Paper - 4619 Words

Your peers are the people with whom you identify and spend time. In children and teens, they are usually, but not always, of the same age group. In adults, peers may be determined less by age and more by shared interests or professions. Peer pressure occurs when an individual experiences implied or expressed persuasion to adopt similar values, beliefs, and goals, or to participate in the same activities as those in the peer group. What Is Peer Pressure? Peer pressure exists for all ages. Three-year-old Robert insists that his mother take him to the store right away and buy him the latest fad toy because his friends have it. When she doesnt, he has a temper tantrum. Nine-year-old Sarah wears a new shirt to school once, then refuses to†¦show more content†¦Research suggests that this type of peer pressure contributes to a decline in the grades of African American students (especially males) as early as the first through fourth grades. In study after study, peer pressure is associated in adolescents of all ethnic and racial backgrounds with at-risk behaviors such as cigarette smoking, truancy, drug use, sexual activity, fighting, shoplifting, and daredevil stunts. Again, peer group values and attitudes influence more strongly than do family values the level of teenage alcohol use. The more accepting peers are of risky behavior, and the more they participate in that behavior, the more likely a person is to do the same thing. Regardless of the parenting style, peer pressure also influences the degree to which children conform to expected gender roles. For example, up until about grade six, girls performance as well in science and math as boys, but during adolescence girls test scores and level of expressed interest in these subjects declines. The tendency is to abandon competition with boys in favor of placing more emphasis on relationships and on physical appearance. Physical appearance is extremely important to teenagers. Young people are all too well aware that the group may reject them simply because they look different or dress differently. Jeff, who wanted to haveShow MoreRelatedPeer Pressure Research Paper8305 Words   |  34 PagesA Research Paper Good Friends and Not†¦ In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirements in COMM101 Expository Writing DEDICATION The researcher would like to dedicate this research to her family who had inspired her and supported her in making the research. She also dedicates this not only to her friends but also to all of the teenagers who are experiencing peer pressure. Good Friends and Not†¦ I. Peer Pressure A. Definition B. Types of Peer Pressure 1. 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This concept has an immense impact on scientific research, and it is found to be especially prevalent within both Michael Shermer’s article â€Å"When Scientists Sin† and Leonard Cassuto’s paper â€Å"Big Trouble in the World of ‘Big Physics,’† chiefly through an emphasis on the pressure for scientists and the scientific community to provide results. While this is not surprising, the extent to which it is able to negativelyRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Group Liability 1706 Words   |  7 Pagesresponsible for each other’s loans if one member defaults, versus individual liability, where only the borrower is at risk if they default. Group liability in microcredit purports to improve repayment rates through peer screening, monitoring, and enforcement. However, it may create excessive pressure, and discourage reliable clients from borrowing. 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